Explanations:Lord Curzon, who served as the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, implemented several policies that were seen as repressive and aimed at controlling and suppressing Indian nationalism. These policies were part of a broader strategy to maintain British control over India and to counter the growing nationalist movement.
One of the repressive policies was the Calcutta Corporation Act, which was introduced in 1904. This act aimed to reduce the power of elected Indian representatives in the municipal governance of Calcutta. By doing so, Lord Curzon sought to limit the influence of Indian nationalists in the city's administration and to ensure that the British could maintain control over the governance of Calcutta.
Another repressive policy was the Indian University Act, which was introduced in 1904. This act aimed to control the education system in India by limiting the autonomy of Indian universities. The act was designed to ensure that education remained under British influence and to prevent the spread of nationalist ideas through the education system. By controlling the universities, Lord Curzon hoped to suppress the nationalist movement and maintain British control over the intellectual sphere in India.
The most significant repressive policy introduced by Lord Curzon was the Partition of Bengal, which was implemented in 1905. The partition divided the province of Bengal into two parts, East Bengal and West Bengal, with the intention of weakening the nationalist movement and maintaining British control over the region. The partition was seen as a deliberate attempt to divide the Bengali population along religious lines, with the aim of creating a Muslim-majority East Bengal and a Hindu-majority West Bengal. This policy was met with widespread protests and resistance from the Indian populace, leading to the formation of the Swadeshi movement and the rise of Indian nationalism.
Thus, all the policies mentioned in the options (Calcutta Corporation Act, Indian University Act, and Partition of Bengal) were repressive measures introduced by Lord Curzon to control and suppress Indian nationalism. These policies were part of a broader strategy to maintain British control over India and to counter the growing nationalist movement. Therefore, the correct answer is "D) All of the above."