Explanation: Iltutmish, whose full name was Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, was a pivotal figure in the history of the Delhi Sultanate. He ascended to the throne in 1211 and ruled until his death in 1236. His reign marked a significant period of consolidation and expansion of Turkish rule in India, making him a crucial figure in the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate.
One of Iltutmish's most notable contributions was the introduction of a new coin system. Prior to his rule, the monetary system in India was in disarray, with a variety of coins in circulation. Iltutmish introduced the silver tanka and the copper jital, which became the standard currency. This reform helped stabilize the economy and facilitated trade, contributing to the prosperity of the Sultanate.
Iltutmish is also recognized as the real founder of Turkish rule in India. Although Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, laid the initial foundation, it was Iltutmish who consolidated and expanded the Turkish rule. He successfully defended the Sultanate against external threats, including the Mongol invasions, and expanded its territory. His reign marked the beginning of a stable and powerful Turkish dynasty in India.
Furthermore, Iltutmish is known as the sovereign sultan of India. He was the third ruler of the Mamluk dynasty and is remembered for his strong leadership and administrative reforms. He established a centralized administration, strengthened the military, and promoted Islamic culture and learning. His reign was characterized by political stability and economic prosperity, which laid the groundwork for the subsequent rulers of the Delhi Sultanate.
In summary, Iltutmish's contributions to the Delhi Sultanate were multifaceted. He introduced a new coin system, consolidated Turkish rule in India, and ruled as a sovereign sultan. These achievements make him a significant figure in the history of medieval India, and the correct answer to the question is indeed (D) All of the above.