Explanation: Muhammad Ghori, also known as Muhammad of Ghor, was a significant figure in the history of the Indian subcontinent, particularly in the context of the Delhi Sultanate. His conquests laid the foundation for the Islamic rule in northern India, which would later lead to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate.
By 1190 CE, Muhammad Ghori had successfully expanded his empire into the Indian subcontinent. His initial focus was on the regions of Punjab and Sindh, which were strategically important due to their proximity to the Ghurid Empire and their fertile lands. Punjab, located in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent, was a crucial region for trade and agriculture, making it a valuable target for Ghori's expansion. Sindh, located in the western part of the subcontinent, was also a significant region due to its access to the Arabian Sea and its fertile Indus Valley.
The conquest of Punjab and Sindh by Muhammad Ghori was a significant milestone in the history of the Delhi Sultanate. These regions provided a strong base for further expansion into the Indian subcontinent. Ghori's military campaigns in these regions were successful due to his strategic planning and the use of cavalry, which gave him a significant advantage over the local rulers.
It is important to note that Hyderabad, mentioned in option C, was not part of Ghori's conquests by 1190 CE. Hyderabad is located in the Deccan region of southern India, which was not under Ghori's control during this period. The Deccan region was primarily under the control of various Hindu kingdoms and was not part of Ghori's initial expansion plans.
In conclusion, by 1190 CE, Muhammad Ghori had taken over Punjab and Sindh, making option D the correct answer. These conquests were crucial in establishing the Delhi Sultanate and setting the stage for further Islamic expansion into the Indian subcontinent. Understanding the historical context and the specific regions conquered by Ghori is essential for comprehending the early stages of the Delhi Sultanate and the broader history of medieval India.