Explanation: To understand the administrative measures of Allaudin Khilji and Muhammad Tughluq, it is essential to delve into the historical context of the Delhi Sultanate during their respective reigns.
Allaudin Khilji, who ruled from 1296 to 1316, was the second ruler of the Khilji dynasty. His administration was marked by several successful measures that strengthened the Delhi Sultanate. One of his key achievements was the establishment of a strong centralized government. He introduced a system of revenue collection that was efficient and systematic, ensuring that the state treasury was well-funded. Allaudin Khilji also implemented military reforms, which included the creation of a standing army and the introduction of a new system of military ranks. These measures helped him to maintain control over a vast empire and to successfully repel Mongol invasions.
In contrast, Muhammad Tughluq, who ruled from 1325 to 1351, is often remembered for his failed administrative measures. His reign was marked by several ill-conceived policies that ultimately led to the weakening of the Delhi Sultanate. One of his most notable failures was the introduction of a token currency system. This system was intended to increase the supply of money and stimulate the economy, but it led to widespread counterfeiting and economic instability. Another significant failure was his decision to forcibly migrate the population of Delhi to Daulatabad, which was intended to shift the center of power and control over the Deccan region. However, this policy resulted in widespread discontent and social unrest, as it disrupted the lives of many people and led to a significant loss of life.
The contrast between the successful administration of Allaudin Khilji and the failed administration of Muhammad Tughluq highlights the importance of effective governance and the potential consequences of poorly executed policies. Allaudin Khilji's measures were well-planned and executed, leading to a period of stability and prosperity. Muhammad Tughluq's policies, on the other hand, were often hasty and ill-conceived, leading to economic and social instability.
In conclusion, the correct answer is (B) Successful, Failure. Allaudin Khilji's administration was successful due to his effective measures in revenue collection, military reforms, and centralized governance. Muhammad Tughluq's administration, however, was a failure due to his poorly executed policies such as the token currency system and the forced migration of Delhi's population to Daulatabad.