Explanation: The Tughlaq Dynasty was a significant ruling dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate in medieval India, spanning from 1320 to 1414. The dynasty was founded by Ghiyasuddin Tughluk, who established the Tughlaqabad Fort and laid the foundation for the dynasty. His son, Muhammad-bin-Tughluq, succeeded him and ruled from 1325 to 1351. Muhammad-bin-Tughluq is known for his ambitious but often unsuccessful policies, including the shifting of the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad and his attempts to introduce token currency.
After Muhammad-bin-Tughluq's death in 1351, his cousin Firuz Shah Tughluq ascended to the throne. Firuz Shah Tughluq ruled from 1351 to 1388 and is remembered for his administrative reforms, religious tolerance, and public works projects. He expanded the irrigation system, built numerous canals, and constructed many mosques, tombs, and public buildings. Firuz Shah Tughluq also established a system of welfare for the poor and the disabled, and he was known for his leniency and religious tolerance, which contrasted with the more autocratic rule of his predecessor.
Understanding the succession within the Tughlaq Dynasty is crucial for comprehending the political and social changes that occurred during the Delhi Sultanate period. The transition from Muhammad-bin-Tughluq to Firuz Shah Tughluq marked a shift in governance style, with Firuz Shah Tughluq focusing more on administrative reforms and public welfare compared to the more ambitious but often impractical policies of Muhammad-bin-Tughluq.
In summary, the correct answer is Firuz Shah Tughluq, who succeeded Muhammad-bin-Tughluq and brought about significant changes in the governance and administration of the Delhi Sultanate. This transition highlights the complex dynamics of power and governance in medieval India and the impact of individual rulers on the historical trajectory of the region.