Explanation: The Surat session of the Indian National Congress in 1907 was a pivotal moment in the history of the Indian independence movement. The session was held in Surat, a city in the state of Gujarat, and it was marked by a significant split within the Congress. This split was primarily between the Moderates and the Extremists, two factions that had different approaches to the struggle against British colonial rule.
The Moderates, led by figures such as Gopal Krishna Gokhale, advocated for a more gradual and constitutional approach to achieving self-government. They believed in working within the existing political framework and using constitutional means to achieve their goals. On the other hand, the Extremists, led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, were more radical and advocated for a more aggressive and direct approach to the struggle. They believed in the use of mass agitation and even violence if necessary to achieve their goals.
The Surat session was a contentious one, with both factions vying for control of the Congress. Dr Rash Bihari Ghosh, a prominent leader from Bengal, was elected as the President of the Congress at this session. His election was seen as a victory for the Extremists, as he was aligned with their more radical approach. However, the session ended in a split, with the Moderates walking out of the Congress, leading to a period of disunity within the organization.
The Surat split had significant implications for the Indian National Congress and the broader Indian independence movement. It marked a shift in the Congress's approach to the British colonial rule, with the Extremists gaining more influence and advocating for more direct action. This period of disunity was eventually overcome, and the Congress was able to reunite under the leadership of figures such as Mahatma Gandhi, who brought a new approach to the struggle for independence.
Understanding the Surat split and the leadership of Dr Rash Bihari Ghosh is crucial for comprehending the complex political dynamics within the Indian National Congress during the early 20th century. It highlights the internal debates and conflicts that shaped the Indian independence movement and the eventual path to independence from British rule.