Explanation: The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world, flourishing around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. This civilization was centered in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent, which today encompasses parts of modern-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Two of the most prominent cities of this civilization are Mohenjo Daro and Harappa.
Mohenjo Daro, located in the Sindh province of present-day Pakistan, was a major urban center of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is known for its advanced urban planning, including a sophisticated drainage system, grid-like street layout, and multi-story buildings. The city was a hub of trade and commerce, with evidence of extensive trade networks extending to Mesopotamia and other regions.
Harappa, located in the Punjab province of present-day Pakistan, is another significant site of the Indus Valley Civilization. It was a large urban center with well-planned streets, public baths, and granaries. The city is also known for its artifacts, including the famous "Priest-King" statue, which provides insights into the social and religious life of the civilization.
Both Mohenjo Daro and Harappa are recognized as ancient cities due to their historical significance and the archaeological evidence that has been uncovered at these sites. They are not only important for understanding the history of the Indian subcontinent but also for the broader context of ancient urban development and civilization.
In contrast, Pakistan is a modern country that was created in 1947 as a result of the partition of British India. It is not an ancient city but a contemporary political entity. Therefore, when asked which of the options are NOT two of the ancient cities of India, the correct answer is "Pakistan" (Option C).
Understanding the distinction between ancient cities and modern political entities is crucial in the study of Indian history and archaeology. It helps in appreciating the rich cultural heritage of the Indian subcontinent and the evolution of its political boundaries over time.