Explanations:Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq, the Sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty, is often remembered for his ambitious but ultimately disastrous policies. The three major mistakes that are commonly attributed to him are raising taxes, issuing token coins, and shifting the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. Each of these decisions had significant negative consequences for his reign and the stability of the Delhi Sultanate.
The first major mistake was raising taxes in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab, a fertile region that was crucial for the Sultanate's economy. The increase in taxes was intended to fund his ambitious projects and military campaigns. However, this decision led to widespread discontent among the peasants, who were already struggling with the high cost of living. The increased tax burden pushed many farmers into poverty, leading to widespread rebellion and a decline in agricultural productivity.
The second major mistake was the issuance of token coins. Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq introduced token coins made of copper and brass, which were supposed to be equivalent in value to silver coins. However, this decision led to economic chaos. The token coins were easily counterfeited, leading to a loss of faith in the currency and a significant devaluation of the Sultanate's economy. The widespread forgery of these coins further exacerbated the economic instability, leading to inflation and a decline in trade.
The third major mistake was the decision to shift the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. This decision was made with the intention of consolidating his power and controlling the Deccan region more effectively. However, the shift was poorly planned and executed. The long-distance relocation of the capital strained the Sultanate's resources and led to logistical challenges. The move disrupted the administrative and military structures, making it difficult to maintain control over the vast territories of the Sultanate. The capital shift also alienated many of his supporters in Delhi, further weakening his position.
It is important to note that the option stating "Shifting his capital from Bengal to Bihar" is incorrect. Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq did not make such a shift. The actual capital shift was from Delhi to Daulatabad, which was a significant and ill-fated decision that contributed to the decline of his reign.
Understanding these mistakes provides insight into the complexities of medieval Indian history and the challenges faced by rulers in maintaining stability and prosperity. The lessons from Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq's reign highlight the importance of careful planning, economic stability, and administrative efficiency in governance.