Explanation: The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, is one of the earliest and most significant urban civilizations in the world. It flourished in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent, primarily in present-day Pakistan and western India, from around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. This civilization is renowned for its advanced urban planning and construction of the world's first planned cities.
The Harappan civilization is characterized by its well-planned cities, which were designed with a high degree of sophistication. The cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa are prime examples of this urban planning. These cities featured a grid-like street pattern, which facilitated easy navigation and efficient use of space. The streets were laid out in a north-south and east-west orientation, creating a systematic layout that was both functional and aesthetically pleasing.
One of the most remarkable features of Harappan cities was their advanced drainage system. Each house was connected to a sophisticated network of covered drains that ran along the streets. These drains were designed to carry waste water and sewage away from the living areas, ensuring cleanliness and hygiene. The drainage system was so advanced that it included manholes for regular cleaning and maintenance.
The residential areas in Harappan cities were also well-organized. Houses were built with baked bricks and had multiple rooms, including bathrooms and wells for water supply. The city of Mohenjo-daro, for instance, had a large public bath, which was likely used for religious or social purposes. The presence of such amenities indicates a high level of social organization and urban planning.
In contrast, the other options listed do not fit the criteria of forming the world's first planned cities. The Aryan civilization, which migrated into the Indian subcontinent around 1500 BCE, was primarily pastoral and did not develop planned cities. The Guptan civilization, which flourished from the 4th to 6th centuries CE, is known for its cultural and scientific advancements but did not form the world's first planned cities. The Mauryan civilization, which existed from 321 to 185 BCE, is known for its political and administrative achievements but did not form the world's first planned cities.
In conclusion, the Harappan civilization stands out as the first to develop planned cities, showcasing a level of urban planning and sophistication that was unprecedented in the ancient world. This civilization's contributions to urban design and city planning have left a lasting legacy in the history of human civilization.