Explanation: The Mamluk Dynasty, also known as the Slave Dynasty, was the first of the five dynasties that ruled the Delhi Sultanate in medieval India. The dynasty was established by Qutbuddin Aibak, who was a slave of Turkish origin. He was originally a slave of Muhammad Ghori, a prominent ruler of the Ghurid Empire, and was appointed as the governor of Delhi after Ghori's death. Aibak laid the foundation of the Mamluk Dynasty and is often referred to as the first Sultan of Delhi.
Qutbuddin Aibak's reign was marked by the construction of several important architectural structures, including the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque and the Qutub Minar, which are still standing today. After his death, the Mamluk Dynasty continued under the rule of several other slave soldiers, including Iltutmish, who is considered one of the most successful rulers of the dynasty.
One of the most notable rulers of the Mamluk Dynasty was Razia Sultana, who became the first and only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. She ruled for a brief period from 1236 to 1240. Razia Sultana was the daughter of Iltutmish and was known for her administrative skills and her efforts to modernize the administration. However, her reign was cut short due to political opposition and she was eventually deposed.
The Mamluk Dynasty was characterized by the rule of slave soldiers who were of Turkish origin. These slaves were trained in military and administrative skills and were often promoted to high positions of power. The dynasty was known for its military prowess and its ability to maintain control over a vast territory.
It is important to note that Amir Timur, also known as Tamerlane, was not a ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty. He was a conqueror who invaded India in the late 14th century, long after the Mamluk Dynasty had established its rule. Timur's invasion was a significant event in Indian history, but it is not related to the Mamluk Dynasty.
In summary, the correct answer is (D) Only (A) & (B), as Qutbuddin Aibak and Razia Sultana are indeed rulers of the Mamluk Dynasty, while Amir Timur is not associated with this dynasty.