Explanation: In the context of Indian history, particularly during the Mughal era, several states maintained a degree of independence and had formal relations with the Mughal Empire. These states often paid tribute and acknowledged Mughal suzerainty but retained significant autonomy in their internal affairs. The question specifically asks for a state that was independent and had formal relations with the Mughals.
The correct answer is Awadh [Oudh] and Bengal. These two regions were notable for their status as independent states that maintained formal relations with the Mughal Empire. Awadh, under the Nawabs, and Bengal, under the Nawabs of Bengal, were powerful regional entities that had a significant degree of autonomy. They paid tribute to the Mughal Emperor and often had diplomatic and trade relations with the Mughal court. This formal relationship, while acknowledging Mughal suzerainty, allowed these states to maintain their independence and internal governance.
Rajputs, on the other hand, were powerful clans and often vassals of the Mughal Empire. They were part of the Mughal administrative structure and often served as governors or military commanders. They did not maintain formal independent relations with the Mughals, making them incorrect in the context of the question.
The Sikhs and Jats were significant regional powers, but they did not have formal relations with the Mughals as independent states. The Sikhs were more of a religious and military movement, and the Jats were a powerful agrarian community that occasionally challenged Mughal authority. This makes them incorrect in the context of the question.
The Marathas were a powerful confederacy that challenged Mughal authority and eventually became a major power in their own right. However, they did not have formal relations with the Mughals as independent states in the same way Awadh and Bengal did. The Marathas were more of a military and political force that often clashed with the Mughals, making them incorrect in the context of the question.
In summary, Awadh and Bengal are the correct answer because they were independent states that maintained formal relations with the Mughal Empire, paying tribute and acknowledging Mughal suzerainty while retaining significant autonomy in their internal affairs.