Explanations:The Indus Valley Civilisation, also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was one of the earliest urban civilisations in the world, existing from around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. This civilisation was primarily located in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent, which today includes parts of Pakistan and northwest India. The civilisation is named after the Indus River, which was a crucial part of its geography and economy.
Two of the most significant cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation were Harappa and Mohenjodaro. These cities were not only the largest but also the most advanced in terms of urban planning and architecture. Harappa, located in the Punjab region of Pakistan, was one of the first sites to be excavated and studied, leading to the discovery of the civilisation. Mohenjodaro, situated in the Sindh province of Pakistan, was another major urban center and is often considered the most well-preserved site of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
Both Harappa and Mohenjodaro were characterized by their sophisticated urban planning. The cities were laid out in a grid pattern, with wide main streets and smaller side streets. They had a well-developed drainage system, with covered drains running along the streets and connected to individual houses. The houses were typically made of baked bricks and often had multiple stories. The civilisation also had a standardized system of weights and measures, which suggests a high level of organization and trade.
Other cities mentioned in the options, such as Kabul and Karachi, are not associated with the Indus Valley Civilisation. Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan and has a history that is distinct from the Indus Valley Civilisation. Karachi, while located in Pakistan, is a modern city that developed much later and is not part of the ancient civilisation. Varanasi, mentioned in options C and D, is an ancient city in India, but it is not part of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Varanasi is known for its long history and religious significance, but it is associated with a different period in Indian history.
Understanding the cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation is crucial for comprehending the development of urbanisation and the technological advancements of ancient societies. The urban planning and architectural features of Harappa and Mohenjodaro provide valuable insights into the social, economic, and cultural aspects of this ancient civilisation.