Explanations:The transformation of Delhi into a capital city that controlled vast areas of the Indian subcontinent began with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate. The Delhi Sultanate was a powerful Islamic empire that ruled over much of northern India from the 13th to the 16th century. The foundation of the Delhi Sultanate marked a significant shift in the political and cultural landscape of the region, as it brought centralized Islamic rule to the area and established Delhi as a major center of power and administration.
The Delhi Sultanate was founded by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a former slave who rose to become the first Sultan of Delhi. He established the Mamluk dynasty, which was the first of several dynasties that would rule the Sultanate over the next few centuries. The Mamluk dynasty was followed by the Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, and Lodi dynasties, each of which contributed to the growth and development of Delhi as a capital city.
During the period of the Delhi Sultanate, Delhi underwent significant urban development and became a major center of trade, culture, and learning. The city was home to numerous architectural marvels, including the Qutb Minar, the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, and the Tughlaqabad Fort, which are still important landmarks today. The Sultanate also played a crucial role in the spread of Islam in India and the development of Indo-Islamic culture.
It is important to note that the transformation of Delhi into a capital city was a gradual process that occurred over several centuries. The Delhi Sultanate was not the first to establish Delhi as a capital, as the city had been an important center of power in earlier times, such as during the reign of the Gupta Empire and the Tomara and Chauhan dynasties. However, the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate marked a significant turning point in the city's history and set the stage for its continued growth and development as a major capital city in the centuries that followed.
Given this historical context, the correct answer to the question is "None," as the transformation of Delhi into a capital city that controlled vast areas began with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, which was founded in the 13th century. The other options provided do not accurately describe the historical context of this transformation.