Explanation: The Partition of Bengal in 1905, initiated by Lord Curzon, was a significant event in the history of the Indian National Movement. The partition aimed to divide the province of Bengal into two parts: Eastern Bengal and Assam, and Western Bengal. This decision was met with widespread opposition and outrage among the Indian populace, particularly in Bengal and other parts of India.
The Swadeshi Movement emerged as a direct response to the Partition of Bengal. It was a mass movement that emphasized the boycott of British goods and the promotion of Indian goods and industries. The movement was not just an economic boycott but also a cultural and social movement that aimed to foster a sense of self-reliance and national pride among Indians. The Swadeshi Movement was characterized by the establishment of Indian-owned businesses, the promotion of Indian education, and the use of Indian languages and literature.
The Vandemataram Movement was closely associated with the Swadeshi Movement. It was a cultural and patriotic movement that emphasized the love for the motherland and the use of the slogan "Vande Mataram" (I bow to thee, Mother). The slogan was derived from a poem by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and became a symbol of national pride and resistance against British rule. The Vandemataram Movement played a crucial role in uniting Indians against the colonial administration and fostering a sense of national identity.
Both the Swadeshi and Vandemataram Movements were significant in the early phase of the Indian National Movement. They were not just responses to the Partition of Bengal but also laid the foundation for future movements and the struggle for Indian independence. The movements were characterized by mass protests, strikes, and the use of non-violent methods to express dissent and demand change.
It is important to note that the Civil Disobedience Movement, which occurred later in 1930, was a different phase of the Indian National Movement. It was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi and involved non-violent civil disobedience against British laws. While it was a significant movement, it was not directly related to the immediate response to the Partition of Bengal in 1905.
In conclusion, the correct answer is (D) Only (A) & (B), as the Swadeshi and Vandemataram Movements were the primary responses to the Partition of Bengal and played a significant role in the early phase of the Indian National Movement.