Explanation: Raziya Sultan, also known as Razia Sultana, was a significant figure in the history of the Delhi Sultanate, which was a Muslim dynasty that ruled large parts of the Indian subcontinent from the early 13th to the mid-16th century. She was the only female Muslim ruler of Delhi and reigned from 1236 to 1240 CE.
Raziya Sultan was the daughter of Iltutmish, the fifth sultan of the Mamluk dynasty. Iltutmish had designated her as his successor, bypassing his sons, due to her administrative skills and military prowess. Upon ascending the throne, Raziya Sultan faced numerous challenges, including opposition from the nobility who were uncomfortable with a female ruler. Despite these challenges, she implemented several administrative reforms and attempted to strengthen the Sultanate's military and economic position.
Raziya Sultan's reign was marked by her efforts to modernize the administration and improve the efficiency of the state. She introduced new coins, reformed the postal system, and encouraged trade and commerce. She also attempted to reduce the influence of the powerful nobles and strengthen the central authority of the Sultanate. However, her reforms and policies were met with resistance, and she faced a rebellion led by the nobles, which ultimately led to her deposition and death.
The historical significance of Raziya Sultan lies in her unique position as the only female Muslim ruler of Delhi. Her reign is often seen as a period of innovation and reform, despite its short duration. Her story is an important part of the history of the Delhi Sultanate and the broader context of medieval Indian history.
In contrast, Mubarak Shah, who is mentioned in the incorrect options, was a male ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. He ruled after Raziya Sultan and is known for his role in the succession of the Sultanate. Therefore, he cannot be considered a Muslim woman ruler of Delhi.
Understanding the historical context and the specific contributions of Raziya Sultan is crucial for comprehending the complexities of the Delhi Sultanate and the role of women in medieval Indian history. This knowledge is essential for students preparing for competitive examinations that cover Indian history and the Delhi Sultanate period.