Explanations:The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent, primarily in what is now Pakistan and western India. This civilization is one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world, and it is known for its advanced urban planning, architecture, and trade networks.
The Indus Valley Civilization is named after the Indus River, which was a crucial part of the civilization's geography. The river provided fertile land for agriculture and a means of transportation, which facilitated the growth of urban centers. Major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Kalibangan, Dholavira, and Ropar. These cities were characterized by their well-planned streets, drainage systems, and public buildings.
Each of these cities had distinct features and played a significant role in the civilization's development. For example, Kalibangan, located in Rajasthan, India, is known for its citadel and lower town, which were separated by a defensive wall. Dholavira, located in Gujarat, India, is one of the largest and most prominent sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, with extensive ruins and a sophisticated urban layout. Ropar, located in Punjab, India, is an important site that provides evidence of the civilization's presence in the northern regions of the subcontinent.
Manipur, on the other hand, is a state in northeastern India, far from the geographical region where the Indus Valley Civilization was located. It is not associated with the Indus Valley sites and does not have any archaeological evidence linking it to the civilization. Therefore, Manipur is not a city of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Understanding the geographical distribution of the Indus Valley Civilization is crucial for identifying which cities were part of this ancient civilization. The cities mentioned in the options (Kalibangan, Dholavira, and Ropar) are all located in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent, which is consistent with the known distribution of the Indus Valley Civilization. Manipur, being in northeastern India, does not fit this geographical pattern and is therefore not a city of the Indus Valley Civilization.