Explanation: The Delhi Sultanate, established in 1206, faced numerous challenges during its existence, one of the most significant being the Mongol invasions. The Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan and his successors, were a formidable force that swept across Central Asia and into the Indian subcontinent. The Mongol invasions posed a serious threat to the stability and sovereignty of the Delhi Sultanate.
Among the various rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, Alauddin Khalji, who ruled from 1296 to 1316, faced the maximum number of Mongol invasions. Alauddin Khalji's reign was marked by a series of military campaigns and administrative reforms aimed at countering the Mongol threat. He successfully repelled several Mongol invasions, including those led by Kadar Khan and Targhi Khan.
Alauddin Khalji's military strategies were crucial in defending the Sultanate against the Mongols. He strengthened the military by increasing the size of the army, improving the cavalry, and introducing new military tactics. He also fortified the borders of the Sultanate, particularly in the northwest, to prevent Mongol incursions. Additionally, he implemented administrative reforms to ensure the efficient mobilization of resources for military campaigns.
The Mongol invasions during Alauddin Khalji's reign were not only frequent but also intense. The Mongols, under the leadership of Kadar Khan, invaded the Sultanate in 1297 and 1299. Alauddin Khalji successfully repelled these invasions, which were followed by another invasion led by Targhi Khan in 1303. Alauddin Khalji's military prowess and strategic planning were instrumental in defending the Sultanate against these invasions.
In contrast, other rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, such as Muhammad Tughluq and Firuz Shah Tughluq, faced fewer Mongol invasions. Muhammad Tughluq's reign was marked by internal rebellions and administrative challenges, while Firuz Shah Tughluq focused more on administrative reforms and public works.
Therefore, the correct answer is Alauddin Khalji, as he faced the maximum number of Mongol invasions during his reign, successfully defending the Delhi Sultanate against these significant threats.