Explanation: Ghiyasuddin Balban, who ruled from 1266 to 1287, was a significant figure in the Delhi Sultanate, a period marked by the establishment and expansion of Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent. His reign was characterized by military conquests and administrative reforms that strengthened the Delhi Sultanate.
The territorial extent of the Delhi Sultanate under Ghiyasuddin Balban was vast, stretching from Bengal in the east to Afghanistan in the west. Bengal, historically known as Gauda, was a crucial region due to its fertile land and strategic location. It was an important economic and cultural center, contributing significantly to the wealth and power of the Delhi Sultanate.
In the west, the empire extended to Afghanistan, which was then known as Ghazni. This region was significant for its trade routes and its proximity to Central Asia, which facilitated the movement of goods, people, and ideas. The inclusion of Afghanistan in the empire also provided a buffer against potential invasions from the west.
Ghiyasuddin Balban's military campaigns were instrumental in expanding the empire's boundaries. He successfully subdued rebellious governors and expanded his control over various regions. His administrative reforms, such as the establishment of a strong central government and the creation of a powerful military force, helped maintain control over the vast territories.
Understanding the territorial extent of the Delhi Sultanate under Ghiyasuddin Balban is crucial for comprehending the political and cultural dynamics of medieval India. The empire's reach from Bengal to Afghanistan reflects the significant influence and power of the Delhi Sultanate during this period.
In summary, the correct answer is (C) Bengal; Afghanistan, as it accurately represents the eastern and western boundaries of the empire under Ghiyasuddin Balban's rule. This territorial extent underscores the strategic and economic importance of these regions and the military and administrative prowess of the Delhi Sultanate during this era.