Explanation: To understand the context of the statements, it is essential to delve into the historical and geographical aspects of ancient India and the British colonial period.
**Statement 1: Xuan Zang and other pilgrims spent time studying in Nalanda (Bihar).**
Nalanda University, located in the state of Bihar, was one of the oldest and most renowned centers of learning in ancient India. It attracted scholars and pilgrims from various parts of the world, including China. Xuan Zang, a Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler, visited Nalanda in the 7th century CE and spent several years there studying Buddhist texts and philosophy. This statement is true and reflects the historical significance of Nalanda as a hub of learning and cultural exchange.
**Statement 2: Coffee plantations are located in Odisha, Bengal, and Bihar.**
This statement is false. Coffee plantations are not typically found in the states of Odisha, Bengal (West Bengal), and Bihar. The primary regions for coffee cultivation in India are the southern states, particularly Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. These regions have the ideal climatic conditions, including high rainfall, moderate temperatures, and rich soil, which are conducive to coffee plant growth. The misconception might arise from the general belief that coffee is grown in various parts of India, but the specific mention of these northern states is incorrect.
**Statement 3: According to Adam's report, there were over 1 lakh Pathshalas in Bengal and Bihar.**
This statement is true. William Adam, a British civil servant, conducted a survey of the educational system in Bengal and Bihar in the early 19th century. His report documented the extensive network of Pathshalas, which were traditional Indian schools. Adam noted that there were over 100,000 Pathshalas in these regions, highlighting the robust educational infrastructure that existed even before the British colonial period. This statement underscores the rich educational heritage of Bengal and Bihar.
In conclusion, the correct answer is (D) Only 1, 3. Statement 1 is true because Xuan Zang did study at Nalanda University, and statement 3 is true based on Adam's report on the number of Pathshalas. Statement 2 is false as coffee plantations are not located in the specified regions. Understanding these statements requires knowledge of historical pilgrimages, ancient educational institutions, and the geographical distribution of agricultural crops in India.