Explanation: To understand the historical context of Gujarat, it is essential to examine the significant events and trade centers that shaped its history.
**Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni and the Somnath Temple:**
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, a ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire, conducted numerous raids into the Indian subcontinent between the 11th and 12th centuries. One of his most notable invasions was the raid on the Somnath temple in Gujarat. The Somnath temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, was a significant religious and cultural site. Mahmud's raid on the temple in 1025 CE was part of his larger campaign to plunder wealth and spread Islam. This event is a crucial part of Gujarat's historical narrative and highlights the impact of foreign invasions on the region.
**Trade Centers During the Mughal Period:**
During the Mughal period, which spanned from the 16th to the 19th centuries, Gujarat emerged as a significant trading hub. Surat, located on the western coast of Gujarat, was one of the most important trade centers. It served as a gateway for trade between India and the Middle East, Europe, and Africa. The city was a major port for the export of textiles, spices, and other goods. Along with Surat, Cambay (modern-day Khambhat) and later Ahmedabad also became important centers of trade and commerce. These cities facilitated the exchange of goods and ideas, contributing to the economic and cultural development of Gujarat.
**Tribal Groups in Gujarat:**
The third statement mentions Sale, Kaikollar, and Devangs as belonging to Gujarat. However, this statement is not accurate. Gujarat has a diverse population, including various tribal groups such as the Bhils, Khojas, and Rabaris, among others. The tribes mentioned in the statement are not specifically associated with Gujarat. Sale, Kaikollar, and Devangs are more commonly found in other regions of India, such as Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
In conclusion, the correct answer is (A) Only 1, 2. The first two statements about Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni raiding the Somnath temple and Surat being a significant trade center during the Mughal period are true. The third statement about the tribal groups is incorrect. Understanding these historical events and trade centers is crucial for comprehending the rich and complex history of Gujarat.