Consider the following Statements: Delhi's authority was challenged by Mongols' invasions. Delhi's authority was challenged by Mongol invasions. Razia Sultan became the ruler as she was the only child of Iltutmish. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

The Delhi Sultanate, a series of Muslim dynasties that ruled large parts of the Indian subcontinent from the early 13th to the early 16th century, faced numerous challenges during its reign. One of the most significant threats to the Delhi Sultanate was the Mongol invasions. The Mongols, under leaders such as Genghis Khan and his successors, were known for their military prowess and expansionist policies. Their invasions into the Indian subcontinent posed a serious threat to the stability and authority of the Delhi Sultanate. The Mongol invasions were not only military but also economic and political, as they disrupted trade routes and caused widespread fear and instability.

Regarding the second statement, Razia Sultan, who ruled from 1236 to 1240, was indeed a significant figure in the history of the Delhi Sultanate. She was the first female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate and ascended the throne under unique circumstances. However, the statement that she became the ruler because she was the only child of Iltutmish is incorrect. Iltutmish, the fifth sultan of the Mamluk dynasty, had several children, including sons. Razia Sultan was chosen as the ruler due to her father's will, which specified that she should succeed him, and the support of some nobles who believed she was the most capable candidate. Her reign was marked by efforts to reform the administration and improve the economy, but it was also met with resistance from conservative elements within the nobility.

In summary, the first two statements are true: the Delhi Sultanate's authority was indeed challenged by Mongol invasions, and Razia Sultan did become the ruler, but not because she was the only child of Iltutmish. The third statement is false, as Razia Sultan's ascension was due to her father's will and the support of some nobles. Understanding these historical events and the context of the Delhi Sultanate is crucial for comprehending the political and social dynamics of medieval India.