Explanations:The question requires an understanding of the architectural features associated with different dynasties in Indian history. Each statement pertains to a specific architectural style or tradition that is characteristic of a particular period or region.
The first statement refers to Tughlaq architecture, which is known for its massive fortifications and the use of batter. Batter is a sloping base that provides structural stability and is a striking feature of Tughlaq buildings. The Tughlaq dynasty, which ruled parts of India from the 14th to the 15th century, is renowned for its monumental architecture, particularly in Delhi, where the Tughlaqabad Fort is a prime example of this style.
The second statement concerns the Lodhi dynasty, which ruled parts of northern India from the late 15th to the early 16th century. The Lodhis are credited with starting the tradition of placing tombs in the midst of gardens. This practice reflects a shift towards a more serene and natural setting for mausoleums, as seen in the tombs of Sikandar Lodi and Ibrahim Lodi in Delhi. The Lodhi tombs are notable for their simplicity and the integration of the tomb with the surrounding landscape.
The third statement pertains to the Rajasthani-Gujarati style of architecture, which is characterized by the use of balconies and kiosks. This style is prevalent in the western regions of India, particularly in Rajasthan and Gujarat. The balconies and kiosks, known as chhatris, are often seen in temples, palaces, and other structures. These features not only add to the aesthetic appeal of the buildings but also serve practical purposes such as providing shade and ventilation.
Each of these architectural features is a hallmark of the respective style or dynasty. Therefore, all three statements are correct, making option D the correct answer. Understanding the specific architectural contributions of different dynasties and regions is crucial for comprehending the rich and diverse architectural heritage of India.