Explanations:The Sunga Empire was a significant political entity in ancient India, ruling over central and eastern India from around 185 to 73 BCE. The empire was founded by Pushyamitra Sunga, who overthrew the Mauryan Empire. The Sunga Empire was known for its patronage of Hinduism and its contributions to Indian art and architecture, particularly in the development of the Mathura school of art.
After the fall of the Sunga Empire, several regions in India gained independence. Among these, Andhra Pradesh and Kalinga are particularly noteworthy. Andhra Pradesh, located in the southeastern part of India, was a region that had a rich cultural and historical background. The Satavahanas, who were the first major state-level South Indian dynasty, rose to power in this region after the fall of the Sunga Empire. They established a powerful kingdom that controlled much of the Deccan plateau and parts of the eastern coast.
Kalinga, located in the eastern part of India, also gained independence after the Sunga Empire's decline. Kalinga had a significant history, especially after the Kalinga War, which was fought by Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire. The region was known for its maritime trade and cultural exchanges with Southeast Asia. After the Sunga Empire, Kalinga saw the rise of several local dynasties that contributed to its political and cultural development.
On the other hand, Gandhara, located in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent (present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan), was not directly affected by the fall of the Sunga Empire. Gandhara was part of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, which was established by the successors of Alexander the Great. The region was known for its Greco-Buddhist art and culture, which flourished under the Indo-Greek rulers.
Therefore, the correct answer is that both Andhra Pradesh and Kalinga became independent after the fall of the Sunga Empire. This reflects the historical context of the regions and their political developments during this period. Understanding the historical timeline and the political changes in ancient India is crucial for comprehending the independence of these regions.