Explanations:The Marathas, a prominent power in India during the 17th and 18th centuries, implemented a complex system of taxation to fund their military campaigns and administrative expenses. Two of the most significant taxes they imposed were Chauth and Sardeshmukhi.
Chauth was a tax that amounted to one-fourth (25%) of the revenue collected from a territory. It was levied on both Maratha-controlled and non-Maratha-controlled regions. The purpose of Chauth was to ensure that the Marathas had a steady income from the territories they influenced, even if they did not directly control them. This tax was a form of tribute that local rulers had to pay to the Marathas to avoid military action.
Sardeshmukhi, on the other hand, was an additional tax levied by the Marathas on top of the regular taxes collected by local rulers. It was typically 10% of the total revenue collected from a territory. Sardeshmukhi was imposed on territories that were under the direct control of the Marathas or where they had significant influence. The term "Sardeshmukhi" literally means "the share of the Sardar" (Sardar being a title for a leader or chief), indicating that it was a form of tribute paid to the Maratha leadership.
Understanding the distinction between Chauth and Sardeshmukhi is crucial for comprehending the Maratha taxation system. Chauth was a fixed percentage of the revenue, while Sardeshmukhi was an additional tax on top of the regular taxes. Both taxes were designed to strengthen the Maratha economy and military power by ensuring a steady flow of revenue from the territories they controlled or influenced.
It is important to note that the other options provided in the question are not related to the Maratha taxation system. Jazia was a tax levied on non-Muslims in some Islamic states, and marriage tax is not a historical tax associated with the Marathas. Therefore, Sardeshmukhi is the correct answer as it represents the additional tax imposed by the Marathas on their territories.