Explanation: In the 18th century, the Mughal Empire was in a state of decline, and various external forces sought to exploit the weakening central authority. One of the most significant external threats was Ahmad Shah Abdali, the Afghan ruler who invaded India multiple times. His invasions were part of a broader strategy to expand his influence and control over the region.
Abdali's first major invasion of India occurred in 1748, but his most significant incursion was in 1756, when he captured Delhi. After his victory, Abdali installed Shah Alam II as the emperor of the Mughal Empire. Shah Alam II was a member of the Mughal dynasty and was chosen by Abdali to serve as a puppet ruler. This move was strategic for Abdali, as it allowed him to legitimize his control over the Mughal territories and maintain a semblance of order and authority.
Shah Alam II, born in 1728, was the son of Alamgir II and became the Mughal emperor in 1759. However, his reign was marked by constant struggles and conflicts. He was often a figurehead, with real power lying in the hands of various regional rulers and invaders like Abdali. Shah Alam II's installation as emperor by Abdali was a clear indication of the fragmented and weakened state of the Mughal Empire during this period.
It is important to distinguish between the historical figures mentioned in the options. Al-Biruni, a 11th-century scholar, was not involved in the 18th-century political events. Nadir Shah, who invaded India in 1739, was a different ruler from a different period. Todarmal, a 16th-century revenue minister, was also not involved in the events of the 18th century.
Understanding the political dynamics of the 18th century in India is crucial for comprehending the decline of the Mughal Empire and the rise of various regional powers and external invaders. Abdali's invasions and the installation of Shah Alam II as the emperor are key events that highlight the complex interplay of power and control during this period.