Explanations:The Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished around 2600-1900 BCE, is renowned for its advanced urban planning and construction techniques. The cities of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa, located in present-day Pakistan, are prime examples of this civilization's sophistication. These ancient cities featured several key architectural and urban planning elements that demonstrate the high level of development and organization of the Indus Valley people.
One of the most notable features of these cities was the presence of citadels. A citadel is an elevated structure, often used for administrative or religious purposes, and it served as a central point in the city. The citadels in Mohenjo Daro and Harappa were likely used for governance, religious ceremonies, or as a place of refuge in times of danger. The citadels were typically located at the center of the city and were surrounded by walls, indicating their importance and the need for protection.
Another significant feature of these ancient cities was their advanced drainage and water supply systems. The Indus Valley Civilization had a well-developed system of running water and sewage, which was quite advanced for its time. The cities had a network of covered drains that ran along the streets, and these drains were connected to individual houses. The drains were made of bricks and were designed to carry waste water away from the city. This system not only provided a clean and hygienic environment but also prevented the spread of diseases. The presence of wells and public baths further indicates the civilization's understanding of water management and hygiene.
The houses in Mohenjo Daro and Harappa were constructed using baked bricks, which were of uniform size and quality. The use of bricks allowed for the construction of multi-story buildings, and the houses were often built around a central courtyard. The houses had separate rooms for different purposes, such as living quarters, storage, and bathrooms. The use of bricks also allowed for the construction of walls and other structures that could withstand the test of time.
Therefore, the correct answer is that all of the choices (A, B, and C) are features of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa. The presence of citadels, running water and sewage systems, and brick homes collectively demonstrate the advanced urban planning and construction techniques of the Indus Valley Civilization. These features highlight the sophistication and organization of the ancient cities, making them significant examples of early urban development in the world.